The bulk of the tribes lived in towns (some covering hundreds of acres and populated with thousands of people). Agriculture was the primary economic pursuit. The Mississippian Culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500 CE. īased on the development of surplus foods from cultivation, Mississippian towns had more dense populations, and they developed artisan classes, and hereditary religious and political elites. But they were much more egalitarian and decentralized than the Mississippian culture peoples at their height. Before European contact, these tribes generally had matrilineal kinship systems, with property and hereditary positions passed through the mother's family. They coalesced historically in an area that had been strongly influenced by the Mississippian culture. The Five Civilized Tribes is a term used by European Americans for five major indigenous tribes who lived in the Southeastern United States.
The Mississippian culture was a mound building Native American urban culture that flourished in the South and Eastern United States before the arrival of Europeans.
Numerous other federally recognized tribes are also located in Oklahoma. The descendants of these tribes, who primarily live in what is now Oklahoma, are sometimes referred to as the Five Tribes of Oklahoma. In the 21st century, this term has been criticized by some scholars for its ethnocentric assumptions by Anglo-Americans of what they considered civilized, but representatives of these tribes continue to meet regularly on a quarterly basis in their Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes. For a period, the Five Civilized Tribes tended to maintain stable political relations with the European Americans, before the United States promoted Indian Removal of these tribes from the Southeast. Examples of such colonial attributes adopted by these five tribes, included Christianity, centralized governments, literacy in English, market participation, written constitutions, intermarriage with white Americans, and chattel slavery practices, including purchase of enslaved African Americans. Americans of European descent classified them as "civilized" because they had adopted attributes of the Anglo-American culture. The term Five Civilized Tribes was applied by European Americans in the colonial and early federal period in the history of the United States to the five major Native American nations in the Southeast-the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole. The portraits were drawn or painted between 17. Gallery of the Five Civilized Tribes: Sequoyah (Cherokee), Pushmataha (Choctaw), Selecta (Muscogee/Creek), a "Characteristic Chickasaw Head", and Osceola (Seminole).
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